Orange Hive | Eco-packaging Solutions

ORANGE HIVE

Category: Climate Change

Categories
Circular Economy Climate Change

Which Are The Most Effective Solutions For Climate Change In 2024?

  1. Transition to Renewable Energy: Accelerating the shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
  2. Energy Efficiency:  Improving energy efficiency in buildings, transportation, and industries can significantly reduce energy consumption and associated emissions.
  3. Reforestation and Forest Conservation: Protecting existing forests and undertaking large-scale reforestation projects can absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and contribute to biodiversity conservation.
  4. Sustainable Agriculture: Implementing sustainable agricultural practices, such as agroforestry and regenerative farming, can sequester carbon, improve soil health, and reduce emissions.
  5. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Deploying technologies that capture and store carbon emissions from industrial processes and power plants can help mitigate climate change.
  6. Circular Economy Practices: Encouraging circular economy principles, which involve recycling, reusing, and reducing waste, helps minimize resource consumption and associated emissions.
  7. Electric Vehicles and Sustainable Transportation: Promoting the adoption of electric vehicles and enhancing public transportation can reduce emissions from the transportation sector.
  8. Climate Adaptation and Resilience: Investing in infrastructure and strategies that enhance communities’ ability to adapt to the impacts of climate change, such as sea-level rise and extreme weather events.
  9. International Cooperation: Global collaboration and international agreements are essential for addressing climate change comprehensively. Agreements like the Paris Agreement aim to unite countries in their efforts to limit global warming.
  10. Carbon Pricing: Implementing carbon pricing mechanisms, such as carbon taxes or cap-and-trade systems, can create economic incentives for businesses to reduce emissions.
  11. 11. Public Awareness and Education:  Raising awareness about climate change and promoting sustainable lifestyles through education and public engagement can foster a broader commitment to climate action.
Categories
Climate Change

The Worst Side Of Climate Change

Climate change has widespread and severe consequences, impacting various aspects of the environment, society, and the economy. Some of the worst effects of climate change include:

  1. Rising Sea Levels:Sea levels are rising due to the melting of glaciers and polar ice caps, threatening coastal areas and low-lying islands.Large parts of Bangladesh, a low-lying delta region, are at risk of increased flooding and submersion due to rising sea levels.
  1. Extreme Weather Events:   Climate change intensifies extreme weather events, leading to more frequent and severe hurricanes, cyclones, droughts, and floods.  The Philippines is susceptible to typhoons, and the increased intensity and frequency of these storms exacerbate the risk of flooding and landslides.
  1. Droughts and Water Scarcity:Changes in precipitation patterns contribute to prolonged droughts, leading to water scarcity, affecting agriculture, ecosystems, and communities.South Africa has experienced severe droughts, impacting water availability for agriculture, industry, and domestic use.
  1. Wildfires:  Climate change contributes to increased temperatures and changes in vegetation, leading to more frequent and intense wildfires.Australia has faced devastating wildfires, such as the 2019-2020 bushfire season, which caused significant loss of life, property, and biodiversity.
  1. Loss of Biodiversity: Changes in climate, habitat loss, and altered ecosystems contribute to the decline and extinction of plant and animal species.The Amazon rainforest in Brazil, often called the “lungs of the Earth,” faces threats from deforestation and climate change, leading to a loss of biodiversity.
  1. Food Insecurity:  Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns affect crop yields, leading to food shortages and increased food prices.  India faces challenges of reduced crop yields and changing agricultural conditions, impacting food security for a large population.
  1. Health Risks:   Climate change contributes to the spread of diseases, heat-related illnesses, and exacerbates existing health challenges.

   Conclusion: Increased temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa contribute to the spread of diseases like malaria and waterborne illnesses.

It’s important to note that the impacts of climate change are interconnected, and vulnerable populations often bear the brunt of these effects. Global efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change are essential to addressing these challenges and protecting the well-being of people and the planet.



Categories
Climate Change India & Climate Change

India’s Plan Of Action Against Climate Change

India has made several commitments and pledges in the global effort to address climate change. As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, here are some key aspects of India’s stance and pledges against climate change:

  1. Paris Agreement:
    • India is a signatory to the Paris Agreement, a global accord adopted in 2015 with the goal of limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
  2. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs):
    • India submitted its NDCs under the Paris Agreement, outlining its climate action targets. These commitments include reducing the emissions intensity of its GDP, increasing the share of non-fossil energy capacity, and creating carbon sinks through afforestation.
  3. Renewable Energy Targets:
    • India has set ambitious targets for expanding its renewable energy capacity. These targets include reaching 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022, with a further target of 450 GW by 2030.
  4. International Solar Alliance (ISA):
    • India played a crucial role in launching the International Solar Alliance, a coalition of countries dedicated to promoting solar energy. The ISA aims to mobilize resources for solar projects, reduce the cost of solar power, and facilitate the deployment of solar technologies.
  5. Afforestation and Reforestation:
    • India has emphasized the importance of afforestation and reforestation efforts to increase carbon sinks and enhance biodiversity. Initiatives like the Green India Mission under the National Action Plan on Climate Change focus on sustainable forest management.
  6. Sustainable Agriculture:
    • India recognizes the impact of climate change on agriculture. Sustainable agricultural practices and water-use efficiency measures are part of India’s efforts to adapt to and mitigate climate change.
  7. Adaptation and Resilience:
    • India is working on enhancing its resilience to climate change impacts, particularly in vulnerable sectors like water resources, agriculture, and coastal areas.
  8. E-Mobility and Energy Efficiency:
    • Initiatives to promote electric mobility and enhance energy efficiency are part of India’s strategy to reduce emissions from the transportation sector and improve overall energy efficiency.

It’s important to note that India, like many other nations, faces the dual challenge of addressing climate change while promoting economic development and poverty alleviation. The country has highlighted the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” in climate negotiations, emphasizing the need for developed nations to take the lead in mitigating climate change due to their historical contributions to greenhouse gas emissions.



Categories
Climate Change India & Climate Change

The Eight Fold Goals Of The National Action Plan On Climate Change

The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) in India is a comprehensive framework that outlines the country’s strategy for addressing climate change challenges. Launched in 2008, the NAPCC reflects India’s commitment to sustainable development and outlines specific measures to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, enhance climate resilience, and promote sustainable development across various sectors. The plan consists of eight national missions, each focusing on a specific area of climate change mitigation and adaptation.

The Eight National Missions of NAPCC:

  1. National Solar Mission (NSM):
    • Objective: To promote the development and use of solar energy for power generation and other applications.
    • Key Components:
      • Scaling up solar capacity through policy incentives.
      • Encouraging research and development in solar technologies.
      • Promoting off-grid solar applications.
  2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE):
    • Objective: To improve energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption across various sectors of the economy.
    • Key Components:
      • Implementation of the Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) scheme for energy-intensive industries.
      • Initiatives to enhance energy efficiency in the agriculture, transport, and residential sectors.
      • Promotion of energy-efficient appliances and technologies.
  1. National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA):
    • Objective: To adapt and mitigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture and enhance the resilience of farming practices.
    • Key Components:
      • Promotion of climate-resilient agricultural practices.
      • Water-use efficiency and water management in agriculture.
      • Capacity building for farmers in climate-smart agriculture.
  2. National Water Mission (NWM):
    • Objective: To improve water use efficiency, enhance water storage capacity, and promote sustainable management of water resources.
    • Key Components:
      • Increasing water use efficiency in agriculture, industry, and domestic sectors.
      • Promoting rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge.
      • Developing a comprehensive water information system.
  3. National Mission for Sustainable Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE):
    • Objective: To conserve biodiversity, protect ecosystems, and promote sustainable development in the Himalayan region.
    • Key Components:
      • Conservation and sustainable management of biodiversity.
      • Strengthening monitoring and research activities in the Himalayan region.
      • Promotion of sustainable livelihoods for local communities.
  4. National Mission for a Green India (NMGI):
    • Objective: To enhance and conserve biodiversity, restore ecosystems, and promote sustainable management of forests.
    • Key Components:
      • Afforestation and reforestation projects.
      • Biodiversity conservation initiatives.
      • Sustainable forest management practices.
  5. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA):
    • Objective: To adapt and mitigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture and enhance the resilience of farming practices.
    • Key Components:
      • Promotion of climate-resilient agricultural practices.
      • Water-use efficiency and water management in agriculture.
      • Capacity building for farmers in climate-smart agriculture.
  6. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change (NMSKCC):
    • Objective: To enhance scientific understanding, research, and capacity building in the field of climate change.
    • Key Components:
      • Strengthening climate-related research and development.
      • Building institutional capacity for climate science.
      • Promoting knowledge sharing and awareness.

Cross-Cutting Themes:

  • Sustainable Development: The NAPCC emphasizes the integration of climate change actions with broader sustainable development goals.
  • Adaptation: Several missions focus on enhancing adaptive capacity, recognizing the need to address the impacts of climate change that are already underway.
  • Technology Transfer: The plan emphasizes the importance of technology transfer, both from developed to developing countries and among developing nations.

Challenges and Future Directions:

  • Implementation Challenges: Despite the ambitious goals outlined in the NAPCC, challenges related to funding, institutional capacity, and coordination among stakeholders remain.
  • Enhanced Ambition: There is a need for periodic reviews and updates to the NAPCC to align with evolving climate science, technology, and international commitments.
  • International Cooperation: The NAPCC acknowledges the importance of global collaboration in addressing climate change, and India actively participates in international forums to contribute to global climate action.

In conclusion, the National Action Plan on Climate Change in India is a comprehensive and ambitious framework designed to address climate change challenges while promoting sustainable development. The plan reflects India’s commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing resilience, and fostering a low-carbon economy. The success of the NAPCC relies on effective implementation, ongoing adaptation to emerging challenges, and international cooperation to achieve collective climate goals.



Categories
Climate Change

4 Categories of Carbon Footprint

The carbon footprint is a measure of the total greenhouse gas emissions, expressed in terms of equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2e), associated with a particular activity, organisation, or product. The four main categories, often referred to as “scopes,” that contribute to an entity’s carbon footprint are commonly categorized as Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3 emissions:

  1. Scope 1: Direct Emissions
  • Definition: Scope 1 emissions encompass direct greenhouse gas emissions that occur from sources that are owned or controlled by the reporting entity.
  • Examples:
    • Combustion of fossil fuels on-site (e.g., company-owned vehicles, on-site power generation).
    • Emissions from owned or controlled industrial processes.
  1. Scope 2: Indirect Emissions – Energy Consumption
  • Definition: Scope 2 emissions cover indirect emissions associated with the generation of electricity, heating, and cooling consumed by the reporting entity. These emissions occur outside of the organization’s boundaries but are a result of its activities.
  • Examples:
    • Purchased electricity from the grid.
    • Heating or cooling provided by an external source.
  1. Scope 3: Other Indirect Emissions
  • Definition: Scope 3 emissions include all other indirect emissions that occur in the value chain of the reporting entity, including both upstream and downstream activities.
  • Examples:
    • Supply chain emissions, including the production of purchased goods and services.
    • Employee commuting.
    • Business travel.
    • End-of-life treatment of sold products.
  1. Biogenic Carbon Emissions
  • Definition: Biogenic carbon emissions refer to the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from the combustion of biomass, such as wood or organic waste. These emissions are often considered separately due to the unique nature of carbon cycling in natural ecosystems.
  • Examples:
    • Burning of wood for energy.
    • Decomposition of organic waste.

Additional Consideration:

It’s important to note that organizations often focus on Scopes 1 and 2 in the early stages of carbon footprint assessments, as these scopes represent direct and relatively easier-to-measure emissions. However, to comprehensively address their environmental impact, organizations are increasingly recognising the significance of Scope 3 emissions, which often constitute the largest portion of their carbon footprint. Managing Scope 3 emissions involves collaboration with suppliers, customers, and other stakeholders across the value chain. As sustainability practices evolve, organizations are working towards measuring, reporting, and reducing emissions across all three scopes to achieve a more holistic and accurate representation of their carbon footprint.



Categories
Climate Change Green Jobs

Supply Chain Management for Green Products

GREEN PRODUCTS SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES OPPORTUNITIES

Sustainable Sourcing:

Supply Chain Transparency: Green products often begin with sustainable sourcing of raw materials. Ensuring transparency in the supply chain allows consumers to trace the origins of the product.

Efficient Manufacturing Processes:

Energy Efficiency: Implementing energy-efficient manufacturing processes reduces the environmental impact of production, contributing to the overall sustainability of green products.

Reducing Carbon Footprint:

Transportation Strategies: Green supply chain management involves optimizing transportation to minimize carbon emissions. Locally sourced materials and products can contribute to a smaller carbon footprint.

Waste Reduction:

Closed-Loop Systems: Implementing closed-loop systems in manufacturing and distribution helps minimize waste by reusing materials or recycling waste products.

Ethical Labor Practices:

Fair Labor Practices: Green products are often associated with ethical and fair labor practices. Ensuring fair wages and safe working conditions throughout the supply chain aligns with sustainability goals.

End-of-Life Considerations:

Recyclability and Disposal: Green products should be designed with end-of-life considerations. This includes ensuring recyclability, promoting responsible disposal practices, and providing information to consumers on eco-friendly disposal options.

Collaboration with Suppliers:

Partnerships: Collaborating with suppliers who share a commitment to sustainability is crucial. Building long-term partnerships can foster shared values and continuous improvement in sustainable practices.

Demand Forecasting:

Accurate Predictions: Accurate demand forecasting helps prevent overproduction and excess inventory, reducing waste and minimizing the environmental impact of the supply chain.

Continuous Improvement:

Monitoring and Assessment: Regularly monitoring and assessing the environmental impact of the supply chain allows for continuous improvement in sustainability practices.

Challenges and Considerations:

Balancing Sustainability with Practicality:

Durability vs. Sustainability: Green products may face challenges in balancing sustainability with the practical need for product durability. Striking the right balance is crucial.

Consumer Education:

Informing Consumers: Green products often require consumer education on proper use, storage, and disposal. Clear communication helps consumers make informed choices.

Regulatory Compliance:

Navigating Regulations: Compliance with environmental regulations is essential. Keeping abreast of changing regulations ensures that green products meet legal standards.

In conclusion, the shelf life and supply chain management of green products involve a delicate balance between environmental considerations, product practicality, and consumer expectations. Sustainable practices throughout the product life cycle contribute to reducing the overall ecological footprint and fostering a more environmentally conscious marketplace. Continuous innovation and commitment to responsible supply chain practices are key to the long-term success of green products in the market.

Categories
Climate Change

5 Ways in which Companies contribute to Climate Change

Recognizing and mitigating the impact of business activities on climate change is crucial for sustainable and responsible corporate practices. Here are five ways in which a business might contribute to climate change:

1. Excessive Energy Consumption:

  • High Energy Usage: Businesses that heavily rely on non-renewable energy sources or operate inefficiently in terms of energy use contribute significantly to carbon emissions. This includes energy-intensive manufacturing processes, data centers, and facilities with inadequate energy management practices.
Mitigation Strategies:
  • Energy Efficiency Measures: Implement energy-efficient technologies and practices, conduct energy audits, and invest in renewable energy sources to reduce overall energy consumption.

2. Waste Generation and Improper Disposal:

  • Unsustainable Waste Practices: Businesses that generate large amounts of waste, particularly non-recyclable or non-biodegradable materials, and those that dispose of waste improperly contribute to environmental pollution and climate change.
Mitigation Strategies:
  • Waste Reduction Programs: Implement waste reduction initiatives, promote recycling, and explore innovative ways to minimize and manage waste.

3. Transportation Emissions:

  • Fleet Emissions: Businesses heavily reliant on transportation, especially those with large fleets of vehicles powered by fossil fuels, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions through their transportation activities.
Mitigation Strategies:
  • Green Fleet Initiatives: Transition to electric or hybrid vehicles, optimize routes to reduce fuel consumption, and encourage remote work to minimize commuting.

4. Deforestation and Land Use Changes:

  • Unsustainable Resource Practices: Companies involved in industries like agriculture, logging, or construction that contribute to deforestation and other land-use changes release large amounts of stored carbon into the atmosphere.
Mitigation Strategies:
  • Sustainable Sourcing: Adopt sustainable sourcing practices, support reforestation efforts, and invest in conservation projects to offset the impact of resource extraction.

5. Inadequate Supply Chain Oversight:

  • Supply Chain Emissions: Businesses with complex supply chains that lack transparency or fail to enforce sustainable practices within the supply chain contribute to emissions and environmental degradation.
Mitigation Strategies:
  • Supply Chain Audits: Conduct regular audits to assess the environmental impact of the supply chain, work with suppliers committed to sustainability, and incorporate environmental criteria into supplier selection.

Conclusion:

Recognizing these contributions to climate change is the first step for businesses to implement effective mitigation strategies. Companies that actively address these issues by adopting sustainable practices not only contribute to global efforts to combat climate change but also often benefit from increased operational efficiency, reduced costs, and improved reputation among environmentally conscious consumers. Sustainability should be an integral part of a company’s ethos, guiding decision-making at every level to foster a positive impact on the environment and society.

Categories
Climate Change

IPCC: Best source for Climate Change Awareness

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is widely regarded as one of the most authoritative sources on climate change and plays a crucial role in synthesizing scientific knowledge on the topic. The IPCC is not a policymaking body itself but provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of climate change, its impacts, and potential adaptation and mitigation strategies.

Here are key reasons why the IPCC is considered a top authority on climate change:

Comprehensive Assessments: The IPCC conducts comprehensive assessments of the current state of climate science. These assessments are thorough reviews of peer-reviewed scientific literature, covering various aspects of climate change.

Global Collaboration: The IPCC involves scientists and experts from around the world, fostering a global collaboration to assess and understand climate change. This inclusivity contributes to the credibility and breadth of its assessments.

Rigorous Review Process: The IPCC follows a rigorous review process, involving expert reviewers and multiple stages of review to ensure that its reports represent the best available scientific knowledge.

Policy-Relevant Information: While the IPCC does not make policy recommendations, its reports provide policymakers with information that is policy-relevant. This includes insights into the potential impacts of climate change and the effectiveness of various mitigation and adaptation strategies.

Consensus-Building Approach: The IPCC operates on a consensus-building model, where scientists and representatives from governments work together to agree on the language and findings of its reports. This approach ensures that the assessments represent a balanced and widely accepted scientific perspective.

For staying updated on changing climate policies, it’s also valuable to follow reputable international organizations, governmental agencies, and research institutions that are actively involved in climate policy development. Some of these include:

  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): The UNFCCC is the international treaty that addresses climate change, and it hosts annual conferences (COP) where countries discuss and negotiate climate policies.
  • World Meteorological Organization (WMO): The WMO plays a key role in monitoring and assessing the state of the climate and contributes to global climate research.
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): These U.S. agencies provide valuable climate data, research, and assessments.
  • European Environment Agency (EEA): The EEA produces reports and assessments on climate change, air quality, and environmental issues in Europe.
  • Research Institutions: Leading research institutions and think tanks focused on climate change, such as the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, often provide insights into changing climate policies.

Keep in mind that the field of climate change is dynamic, and policies can evolve. Therefore, it’s essential to stay informed through a variety of sources and regularly check for updates from reputable organizations.

Categories
Climate Change

Climate Change Culprits

Several industries globally are recognized as major contributors to climate change due to their significant greenhouse gas emissions. While the ranking can vary depending on the metrics used and the timeframe considered, some of the industries often identified as major polluters include:

  1. Energy Production (Fossil Fuels): The burning of fossil fuels for energy, including coal, oil, and natural gas, is a primary source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Coal-fired power plants, in particular, have been historically associated with high emissions.
  2. Transportation: The transportation sector, including road, air, and marine transportation, contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. Combustion engines in cars, trucks, airplanes, and ships release carbon dioxide and other pollutants.
  3. Industrial Processes (Cement, Steel, Chemicals): Certain industrial processes release large amounts of greenhouse gases. Cement production generates CO2 during the chemical transformation of limestone into clinker. The production of steel involves the use of fossil fuels and results in CO2 emissions. Chemical industries may release various greenhouse gases.
  4. Agriculture (Livestock and Rice Cultivation): Agriculture contributes to climate change through emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Livestock, particularly cattle, produce methane during digestion, and rice cultivation releases methane from flooded fields.
  5. Deforestation and Land Use Change: Activities related to deforestation, land-use change, and agriculture contribute to the release of stored carbon in trees and soil. When forests are cleared for agriculture or other purposes, the carbon stored in trees is released into the atmosphere.
  6. Waste Management (Landfills and Waste Treatment): Landfills and waste treatment processes can produce methane emissions from decomposing organic waste. Inefficient waste management practices contribute to the release of potent greenhouse gases.

It’s important to note that efforts are being made globally to transition to cleaner technologies, renewable energy sources, and sustainable practices to reduce emissions from these industries. Additionally, the responsibility for climate change is often attributed to both production and consumption, as goods and services produced in one region may contribute to emissions in another.

Addressing climate change requires comprehensive and collaborative efforts across various sectors and stakeholders. International agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, aim to mobilize global action to mitigate the impacts of climate change.

Categories
Climate Change

Four Categories of Emissions

The carbon footprint is a measure of the total greenhouse gas emissions, expressed in terms of equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2e), associated with a particular activity, organization, or product. The four main categories, often referred to as “scopes,” that contribute to an entity’s carbon footprint are commonly categorized as Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3 emissions:

  1. Scope 1: Direct Emissions
  • Definition: Scope 1 emissions encompass direct greenhouse gas emissions that occur from sources that are owned or controlled by the reporting entity.
  • Examples:
    • Combustion of fossil fuels on-site (e.g., company-owned vehicles, on-site power generation).
    • Emissions from owned or controlled industrial processes.
  1. Scope 2: Indirect Emissions – Energy Consumption
  • Definition: Scope 2 emissions cover indirect emissions associated with the generation of electricity, heating, and cooling consumed by the reporting entity. These emissions occur outside of the organization’s boundaries but are a result of its activities.
  • Examples:
    • Purchased electricity from the grid.
    • Heating or cooling provided by an external source.
  1. Scope 3: Other Indirect Emissions
  • Definition: Scope 3 emissions include all other indirect emissions that occur in the value chain of the reporting entity, including both upstream and downstream activities.
  • Examples:
    • Supply chain emissions, including the production of purchased goods and services.
    • Employee commuting.
    • Business travel.
    • End-of-life treatment of sold products.
  1. Biogenic Carbon Emissions
  • Definition: Biogenic carbon emissions refer to the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from the combustion of biomass, such as wood or organic waste. These emissions are often considered separately due to the unique nature of carbon cycling in natural ecosystems.
  • Examples:
    • Burning of wood for energy.
    • Decomposition of organic waste.

Additional Consideration:

It’s important to note that organizations often focus on Scopes 1 and 2 in the early stages of carbon footprint assessments, as these scopes represent direct and relatively easier-to-measure emissions. However, to comprehensively address their environmental impact, organizations are increasingly recognizing the significance of Scope 3 emissions, which often constitute the largest portion of their carbon footprint. Managing Scope 3 emissions involves collaboration with suppliers, customers, and other stakeholders across the value chain. As sustainability practices evolve, organizations are working towards measuring, reporting, and reducing emissions across all three scopes to achieve a more holistic and accurate representation of their carbon footprint.